Health & Society
Xylazine, a one-way trip to Dante’s Inferno
In the whole world, environmental disasters, poverty, inequalities and social injustice are increasing, health care is degrading, same for education and moral values; it is also noted the instrumentalisation of religions and human rights; the metropoles are subject to pollution, crimes, human trafficking and flourishing illicit drug markets. And among the long, impressive and life-threatening list of illicit drugs and New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) -most often produced to circumvent the drug laws- the emergence of a new one, Xylazine, is gaining the attention of the concerned authorities (Rodriguez N. et al., 2008).“Xylazine is making the deadliest drug threat our country has ever faced, fentanyl, even deadlier,” said Administrator Milgram-U.S.A. Drug Enforcement Administration (2023).
The xylazine (C12H16N2S) is not an opioid like fentanyl but a methyl benzene from the class of phenothiazines. It had been produced by various alternate syntheses, starting in Germany (Bayer Pharmaceutics, 1962). This is a highly lipophilic substance, so easily crosses the membranes and reaches the brain receptors as well as the ones in the body.
This is a drug initially considered for use in humans as an antihypertensive agent, but due to the adverse effects in humans (severe hypotension and Central Nervous System depressant effects), its medical use was discontinued.
In 1972 its use was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration only in veterinary medicine for sedation (for 1-4 hours), analgesia (15-30 min), anaesthesia for surgical procedures, and as a muscle relaxant, in animals such as horses, cattle, sheep, dogs, and others.
Xylazine in human misuse is known under the names of flesh-eating drug, tranq, tranq-dope, zombie drug, sleep-cut, and Philly dope. It is called a “zombie drug” because the users have this particular, confused, hunched and slowed move or in some cases are in a trance-like state, which gives them the appearance of the living dead that people describe as being zombie-like.
In 2022, the Estonian police reported seizing mixtures containing new opioids and the animal sedative and analgesic xylazine. Most often, xylazine is used as a cheap drug adjuvant (online, for 6-20 dollars per kilogram) to inflate doses of hard drugs, including the opioid fentanyl whose mixture is health devastating. The first death in Europe associated with xylazine use was reported in England (UK) in 2022 with a postmortem detection of heroin, cocaine, fentanyl, and xylazine (Rock K. L. et al., 2023).
As an illicit drug, xylazine can be consumed orally, by smoking, snorting, by intramuscular, subcutaneous, or intravenous injection. The drug’s reported duration of effect is longer than that of fentanyl. The adulteration of fentanyl with xylazine allows to extend the feeling of euphoria and analgesia induced by fentanyl and to reduce the frequency of injections (Gupta R. et al. 2023).
Xylazine would be 50 times more powerful than heroin, and 100 times more powerful than morphine. Xylazine is currently responsible for a third of overdose deaths in the United States. Indeed, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Report 30 (June 2023), mentions that the number of drug overdose deaths involving xylazine was 102 in 2018, 627 in 2019, 1 499 in 2020, and 3 468 in 2021.
In users, xylazine causes loss of consciousness, and states of stupor and in injecting users can lead to skin lesions, and ulcers that, easily infected, can cause gangrene and necrosis often requiring amputation to remove the limb with the rotting tissue. The Professor of Neurobiology S. Kourrich (2023) speaks of the devastating effects, beyond addiction, of xylazine on health, including skin lesions worthy of horror movies.
The signs and symptoms of xylazine overdose are similar to those of heroin, fentanyl, and other opioids. When xylazine is added to opioids, severe toxicity and death can occur due to the combined effects of the drugs. But, because xylazine is not an opioid, Naloxone (best antidote for opioid overdose – Jordan M.R. and Morrissonponce D., 2023) is unlikely to be effective in treating people. There is no safe xylazine drug dose to use!
Xylazine acts within the brain to cause sedation and abnormally slow breathing, a life-threatening respiratory depression (that can request tracheostomy) leading to cardiac arrest and death. The effects of severe xylazine intoxication can last for several days.
Xylazine is an adrenergic agonist, having the same action as adrenaline, a hormone and neurotransmitter (Chavez-Arias et al., 2014). Due to its highly lipophilic nature, xylazine directly stimulates the Central Nervous System alpha(α)2-adrenergic receptors as well as other peripheral α-adreno receptors in a great variety of tissues. It has been shown that the human placenta expresses α2-adrenergic receptors that may be implicated in pathogenesis and fetal growth restriction (Motawea H.K.B. et al., 2018).
Note: The 5 main different types of adreno-receptors are:
(Alpha) α-1: present on the smooth muscle fibres of the vessels; α-2: pre-synaptic localization (inhibitory effect on the synapse) located in the central nervous system and heart. α-2 is composed of 3 subtypes A, B, C.
(Beta) β-1: present in the heart where it strengthens the activity (faster and stronger beats); β-2: present locally on certain tissues and allows vasodilation of the arteries or dilation of the bronchi; β-3: present on adipocytes, stimulates thermogenesis.
These receptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors, a family of transmembrane receptors in mammals, target of many catecholamines as the natural ligands of the α2-receptors which are: the noradrenaline (norepinephrine) which has a greater affinity, the adrenaline (epinephrine), and the dopamine (the molecule of pleasure, part of the reward system in the brain).
Xylazine inhibits the release of both neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine at the neuronal synapse, resulting in depression of the Central Nervous System interfering with behavioural flexibility, working memory, and nociceptive control and it causes the inhibition of the Sympathetic Nervous System (automatic activities of the body) as on smooth muscle contraction and at heart level a bradyarrhythmia, thus responsible for the decrease of alertness, nociception, muscle tone and of the fight-or-flight response.
Xylazine is metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P450 enzymes, and then 70% is excreted as urine (Barroso M. et al., 2007). So, urine can be used in detecting xylazine through its metabolites but within a few hours, they decrease to undetectable levels.
How come people are voluntarily reaching such a point of self-destruction, debilitating and painful physical deterioration and dependence?
Substance abuse (greed and dependence) has been associated with early emotional deficiencies resulting in an inability to tolerate emotions and regulate self-esteem and relationships with others (Krystal H., 1982).
Before reaching this addiction point there is a long way to go, starting often with alcohol and cannabis (and some medicines). It is not with legalization, decriminalisation, or shooting rooms that the drug problem will be solved, these ways appear to escape the responsibilities in terms of prevention.
Even if there is no ideal age to talk about the harmful effects of drug use, young people must be informed of these risks as early as possible. The role of the parents -when it is not itself a risk factor- by listening, conversing and providing correct information remains the best prevention. This should be reinforced by trained teachers and educators with continuous yearly teaching adapted to the age and with prevention actions carried out by governments, communities, organizations and associations, among youth and parents.
This is what the Say No To Drugs volunteers across Europe with the Foundation for a Drug-Free Europe strive to achieve through the educational materials The Truth About Drugs*.
The Greek philosopher Epictetus (50-135 A.D.) said: Only the educated are free. Indeed, education provides awareness and knowledge of basic elements of life and gives the ability to differentiate the right from the wrong and to take the right decision. Because as said by the humanist L. Ron Hubbard in 1956: It’s a problem in unawareness. The ethics, the morality, the capability of good, sound judgment alike depend upon the ability to be aware.
Instead of living the drug hell torments of a drug addict who can no longer stand life enslaved to the increasing spiral of harmful drug doses, isn’t it better to be able to face life responsibly, and freely, and act with passion and perseverance to make dreams come true?
REFERENCES
www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/european-drug-report/2023/
www.desdiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/Xylazine.pdf
www.poison.org/articles/what-is-xylazine
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/vsrr/vsrr030.pdf
https://www.dea.gov/alert/dea-reports-widespread-threat-fentanyl-mixed-xylazine
(*)Visit:
- wwwdrugfreeworld.org (free materials in 20 languages)
- Foundation for a Drug-Free Europe: https://fdfe.eu
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Health & Society
The Top 5 Supplements For Optimal Health And Fitness
Health is your greatest asset, and ensuring you are nourishing your body with the right supplements can make a world of difference in your fitness journey. In this article, we’ll explore the top 5 supplements that can optimize your health and enhance your fitness game. From boosting your energy levels to supporting muscle recovery, these supplements are a game-changer for anyone looking to take their health and fitness to the next level. Let’s dive in and uncover the power of these important nutrients.
1. Protein supports muscle growth and repair.
2. Creatine boosts strength and enhances performance.
3. Omega-3 promotes heart health and reduces inflammation.
4. Vitamin D aids in bone strength and immune function.
5. Multivitamins ensure proper nutrient intake for overall health.
6. BCAAs aid in muscle recovery and growth.
The Importance of Supplements in Achieving Optimal Health and Fitness
Before we explore into the top supplements for optimal health and fitness, it’s vital to understand the role of supplements in achieving your fitness goals.
The Role of Nutrition in Fitness
Proper nutrition is the cornerstone of any successful fitness regimen. Your body requires a balance of macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, and fats) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) to function optimally. While a healthy diet rich in whole foods is crucial, supplements can provide additional support to fill in any nutritional gaps and enhance your overall well-being.
The Limitations of a Balanced Diet
On the surface, a balanced diet might seem like it can meet all your nutritional needs. However, **limitations** exist. Factors such as soil depletion, food processing, and individual dietary restrictions can impact the nutrient content of the foods you consume. Additionally, the demands of intense physical activity or specific health goals may require higher nutrient levels than what a balanced diet can provide.
With that in mind, supplements can play a vital role in ensuring you meet your body’s nutritional requirements for optimal health and fitness.** By strategically incorporating supplements into your daily routine, you can **address any deficiencies** and support your fitness goals more effectively. Whether it’s improving performance, enhancing recovery, or promoting overall wellness, the right supplements can make a significant difference in your journey to achieving peak health and fitness.
Ranking the Top 5 Supplements for Optimal Health and Fitness
Criteria for Selection
The Foundational Five | The 5 Supplements For Every Body are important for anyone looking to optimize their health and fitness. These supplements, including a multivitamin, omega-3 fatty acids, magnesium, vitamin D, and probiotics, form the backbone of a solid nutritional foundation. To ensure you are meeting your body’s basic needs, incorporating these five supplements into your daily routine is crucial.
The Top 5 Supplements Revealed
Ranking the top 5 supplements for optimal health and fitness involves considering their effectiveness, safety, and overall impact on your well-being. When choosing which supplements to include in your regimen, it’s important to prioritize those that offer the most significant benefits and support your specific health goals. The following list showcases the top 5 supplements that can help you achieve peak performance and overall wellness.
Selection – As you navigate the world of supplements, keep in mind that not all products are created equal. It’s crucial to choose high-quality supplements from reputable brands to ensure their potency and purity. Additionally, consult with a healthcare professional before adding any new supplements to your routine, especially if you have underlying health conditions or are taking medications that may interact with certain supplements. By selecting the best supplements for your needs and goals, you can take a proactive approach to enhancing your health and fitness.
Supplement #1: Protein Powder
After establishing a solid foundation with a balanced diet and regular exercise routine, supplements can help take your health and fitness to the next level. Protein powder is a popular supplement that can support muscle growth, repair, and recovery.
Types of Protein Powder
With a plethora of options available, it’s crucial to choose the right protein powder for your goals. Common types include:
- Whey Protein: Fast-digesting and ideal for post-workout recovery.
- Casein Protein: Slow-digesting and great for nighttime use.
- Pea Protein: Plant-based and suitable for vegans or those with dairy allergies.
- Soy Protein: Another plant-based option that may help lower cholesterol levels.
- Hemp Protein: Rich in omega-3 fatty acids and fiber.
Perceiving your specific needs and preferences will help you select the most suitable protein powder for your regimen.
Benefits and Effects on the Body
On top of aiding in muscle recovery and growth, protein powder offers several additional benefits for your body. For instance, it can help:
- Boost Metabolism: Protein has a higher thermic effect compared to fats and carbs, aiding in weight management.
- Improve Muscle Strength: Consuming an adequate amount of protein is crucial for maintaining and developing muscle mass.
- Enhance Satiety: Protein helps you feel full and satisfied, reducing the likelihood of overeating.
- Support Immune Function: The amino acids in protein play a vital role in immune health and function.
- Contribute to Overall Health: Protein is crucial for various bodily functions, from enzyme production to hormone regulation.
Considering these benefits, incorporating protein powder into your daily routine can optimize your health and fitness goals.
Supplement #2: Creatine Monohydrate
Many athletes and fitness enthusiasts turn to Creatine Monohydrate as a key supplement to enhance their performance and muscle growth. If you’re looking to take your workouts to the next level, Creatine Monohydrate could be a game-changer for you.
What is Creatine and How Does it Work?
Creatine is a naturally occurring compound found in small amounts in certain foods and produced by the body. When you supplement with Creatine Monohydrate, it helps increase your body’s phosphocreatine stores, which are used during high-intensity exercise for energy. By enhancing this energy system, Creatine can help you push harder during your workouts, leading to greater strength gains and muscle growth over time.
The Science Behind Creatine’s Benefits
The research supporting the benefits of Creatine is robust and well-established. Studies have shown that supplementing with Creatine Monohydrate can significantly increase muscle mass, strength, and exercise performance. Additionally, Creatine has been found to aid in muscle recovery, allowing you to recover faster between workouts and train more frequently at high intensities.
To get the most out of Creatine Monohydrate, it’s recommended to go through a loading phase where you consume a higher dose for the first week before settling into a maintenance dose. Additionally, pairing Creatine with a source of carbohydrates can help enhance its absorption by your muscles, maximizing its benefits for your fitness goals. Include Creatine Monohydrate in your supplement regimen to take full advantage of its performance-boosting effects.
Supplement #3: Fish Oil
Not all supplements are created equal, but when it comes to fish oil, there’s a reason it’s a staple in the cabinets of health-conscious individuals like yourself. Fish oil is packed with omega-3 fatty acids, which are imperative for overall health and wellness.
The Omega-3 Connection
Supplement your diet with fish oil to ensure you are getting an adequate amount of omega-3 fatty acids. These imperative fats play a crucial role in brain function, reducing inflammation, and supporting heart health. By incorporating fish oil into your routine, you are giving your body the necessary building blocks for optimal functioning.
Reducing Inflammation and Improving Heart Health
For reducing inflammation and improving heart health, fish oil is a powerhouse supplement. Omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oil have been shown to lower inflammation levels in the body and reduce the risk of heart disease. By incorporating fish oil into your daily regimen, you are taking proactive steps to support your cardiovascular system and overall well-being.
This imperative supplement can help lower triglycerides, decrease blood pressure, and reduce the formation of arterial plaques. By supporting heart health and reducing inflammation, fish oil is a key player in your journey to optimal health and fitness.
Supplement #4: Probiotics
Now, let’s explore the world of probiotics and how they can benefit your health and fitness journey.
The Gut-Brain Axis
With the increasing focus on gut health, the connection between the gut and brain, known as the gut-brain axis, has become a hot topic in the health and wellness community. Probiotics play a crucial role in maintaining a healthy balance of good bacteria in your gut, which can positively impact your mental health, mood, and cognitive function. By incorporating probiotics into your daily routine, you can support a healthy gut-brain axis, leading to improved overall well-being.
Boosting Immunity and Digestive Health
On top of supporting the gut-brain axis, probiotics are also known for their immune-boosting and digestive health benefits. **Probiotics** help maintain a strong immune system by crowding out harmful bacteria in the gut and promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria. This can help prevent infections and reduce the severity of colds and allergies. Additionally, probiotics aid in digestion by breaking down food and absorbing nutrients more efficiently, leading to better gut health and reduced bloating and gas. Incorporating **probiotics** into your supplement regimen can help optimize your immune system and digestive tract for overall improved health and fitness.
Supplement #5: Vitamin D
The Sunshine Vitamin
Vitamin D, also known as the sunshine vitamin, plays a crucial role in your overall health and well-being. One of the easiest ways to get an adequate amount of Vitamin D is through exposure to sunlight. When your skin is exposed to the sun, it produces Vitamin D, which is crucial for various bodily functions.
The Importance of Vitamin D for Bone Health
Vitamin D is crucial for maintaining strong and healthy bones. It helps your body absorb calcium, which is vital for bone health and growth. Deficiency in Vitamin D can lead to weakened bones, increased risk of fractures, and conditions like osteoporosis. Therefore, ensuring you have enough Vitamin D in your system is crucial for optimal bone health.
Supplement with Vitamin D if you live in an area with limited sunlight or if you spend most of your time indoors. It’s a simple way to support your bone health and overall well-being.
How to Choose the Right Supplement for Your Needs
Despite the abundance of supplements available in the market, selecting the right one for your specific health and fitness goals can be a daunting task. To ensure you are making an informed decision, there are several key factors to consider when choosing a supplement that will best support your needs.
Identifying Your Fitness Goals
One of the first steps in choosing the right supplement is identifying your fitness goals. Whether you aim to build muscle, improve endurance, or enhance overall wellness, **it is crucial to pinpoint the specific outcomes you are looking to achieve**. By clearly defining your objectives, you can narrow down the vast array of supplements available and select the ones that align with your goals.
Reading Labels and Avoiding Fillers
For **your** safety and optimal results, it is crucial to **read supplement labels carefully**. Look for **key ingredients** that are **directly related to your fitness goals** and **avoid fillers and artificial additives** that may be harmful to your health. **Your** best bet is to choose supplements with **clean, transparent labels** that clearly outline the ingredients used, their quantities, and any potential allergens. Keep in mind, **quality** matters more than quantity when it comes to **choosing supplements that will benefit your health and fitness**.
Common Mistakes to Avoid When Taking Supplements
Over-Supplementing
For those eager to see quick results, the temptation to over-supplement can be strong. However, more is not always better when it comes to supplements. Taking excessive amounts of certain supplements can lead to toxicity and negative side effects.
Under-Supplementing
On the flip side, under-supplementing is another common mistake to be aware of. If you don’t take enough of a particular supplement, you may not experience the desired benefits. It’s important to follow recommended dosages and guidelines to ensure you’re getting the optimal amount for your health and fitness goals.
When considering under-supplementing, it’s crucial to do your research and consult with a healthcare professional or nutritionist to determine the right amount of supplements for your individual needs. Everyone’s body is different, and what works for one person may not work for another. By seeking personalized advice, you can avoid the pitfalls of under-supplementing and maximize the benefits of your supplement regimen.
The Importance of Consultation and Research
Once again, before incorporating any new supplements into your routine, it’s crucial to do your research and consult with a healthcare professional. By doing so, you can ensure that the supplements you choose are safe and appropriate for your individual needs. Nature Made’s Top 5 Nutritional Supplements for Good Health article can be a helpful starting point in your research.
Consulting with a Healthcare Professional
On your journey to optimal health and fitness, consulting with a healthcare professional is key. Your doctor or a registered dietitian can provide valuable insights based on your medical history, current health status, and fitness goals. They can help you determine which supplements may benefit you the most and guide you on proper dosage and any potential interactions with medications you may be taking. Recall, everyone’s body is different, so what works for someone else may not necessarily work for you.
Staying Up-to-Date with the Latest Research
With the ever-evolving field of nutritional science, it’s vital to stay informed about the latest research and developments in the world of supplements. New studies are constantly emerging, shedding light on the effectiveness of different supplements and their potential benefits or risks. By staying up-to-date with the latest research, you can make more informed decisions about which supplements to include in your regimen. Plus, having a solid understanding of the science behind the supplements can empower you to take control of your health and fitness journey.
Combining Supplements for Maximum Effect
Unlike Supplements: A scorecard – Harvard Health, where you can find valuable information on individual supplements, combining certain supplements can provide synergistic effects for enhancing your health and fitness goals. When stacking supplements, it’s vital to consider their compatibility and potential interactions to maximize their benefits.
Stacking Supplements for Enhanced Results
To boost your results, think about combining complementary supplements such as vitamin D and calcium for bone health or combining protein powder with creatine for muscle growth. However, always consult with a healthcare provider or nutritionist before starting a new supplement regimen to ensure it aligns with your specific needs and goals.
Avoiding Negative Interactions
Interactions between supplements and medications can sometimes lead to negative side effects or reduce the effectiveness of either the supplement or medication. It’s crucial to be aware of potential interactions, especially if you are taking multiple supplements or medications. Always inform your healthcare provider about all supplements and medications you are taking to avoid any adverse effects on your health.
This awareness can prevent dangerous interactions and ensure that you are getting the most out of your supplements without compromising your health. Do not forget, your body is unique, and what works well for someone else may not have the same effect on you. Taking precautions and staying informed can help you navigate the world of supplements and optimize your health and fitness journey.
The Role of Diet and Lifestyle in Supplement Efficacy
To optimize the effectiveness of supplements for your health and fitness goals, it is necessary to consider the role of diet and lifestyle in supplement efficacy. A balanced diet rich in necessary nutrients is the foundation upon which supplements can work most efficiently to support your body’s needs.
The Importance of a Balanced Diet
Diet plays a crucial role in ensuring that your body receives the necessary vitamins, minerals, and nutrients it needs to function at its best. A balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats provides the baseline for supplement absorption and utilization. By nourishing your body with a diverse array of nutrients through whole foods, you create an environment where supplements can complement and enhance your overall well-being.
Lifestyle Factors that Affect Supplement Absorption
- Inadequate hydration: Proper hydration is necessary for optimal absorption of supplements.
- Stress levels: Chronic stress can affect the body’s ability to absorb and utilize nutrients.
- Sleep quality: Adequate sleep is crucial for the body to recover and utilize supplements effectively.
Absorption of supplements is influenced by various lifestyle factors that may impact how your body processes and utilizes these additional nutrients. Factors such as hydration, stress levels, and sleep quality can significantly affect the bioavailability of supplements and ultimately their effectiveness in supporting your health and fitness goals. Ensuring that you address these lifestyle factors can maximize the benefits you get from your supplement regimen.
This holistic approach to supplement efficacy emphasizes the interconnectedness of diet, lifestyle, and the impact they have on your body’s ability to absorb and utilize necessary nutrients. By paying attention to these factors and making conscious choices to support your body through nutrition and lifestyle habits, you can enhance the effectiveness of the supplements you take and optimize your overall well-being.
Debunking Common Myths About Supplements
Separating Fact from Fiction
For many people, the world of supplements can be a confusing place filled with conflicting information. One common myth is that all supplements are unnecessary if you have a balanced diet. While it’s true that a healthy diet is vital, sometimes it’s challenging to get all the nutrients you need from food alone. Supplements can help fill in the gaps, especially for specific goals like muscle building or immune support.
Another myth is that supplements are only for bodybuilders or athletes. In reality, supplements can benefit anyone looking to improve their overall health and well-being. Whether you’re a busy professional, a student, or a stay-at-home parent, incorporating the right supplements into your routine can help you reach your health and fitness goals more efficiently.
The Truth About Supplement Safety
About the safety of supplements, it’s vital to do your research and choose reputable brands. While most supplements are safe when taken as directed, there can be risks associated with certain products or if taken in excessive amounts. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen, especially if you have underlying health conditions or are taking medications that could interact with the supplements.
Summing up
Following this guide on the top 5 supplements for optimal health and fitness, you now have a better understanding of how imperative nutrients can support your well-being. Recall, while supplements can complement your diet and exercise routine, they are not a substitute for a healthy lifestyle. Consistency is key when it comes to seeing real results, so make sure to incorporate these supplements into your daily routine for maximum benefits.
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