Travel
Sun but no sand? How coastal erosion is making Spain’s beaches disappear
Spain has an overtourism problem – but as its beaches slowly disappear, how long will it last?
Blazing heat, prolonged drought and heavy downpours: Spain’s chaotic weather has made tourists think twice about visiting the Mediterranean country in 2024.
With temperatures soaring to 40°C in some places, the lure of sunshine has started to become a deterrent.
The other half of the ‘sol y playa’ tourism model is also at risk as the climate changes – Spain’s beaches are starting to disappear due to rising sea levels and extreme weather.
“We observed that there are many beaches in Spain already affected by erosion, particularly when there are strong waves during winter storms,” says Markus Donat, who co-leads the Climate Variability and Change Group within Barcelona Supercomputing Center’s (BSC) Earth Sciences Department.
During storms at Easter, some Barcelona beaches faced unprecedented sand loss of up to 25 metres in width.
Experts warn that this could become a worrying trend – with potentially devastating impacts on Spain’s thriving tourism industry.
Why are Spain’s beaches disappearing?
Climate change is expected to accelerate the frequency and violence of storms in the future.
“The biggest problem is the greater frequency of maritime storms, whose waves affect the first line of the coast and cause huge damage to beaches and coastal facilities, such as marinas and promenades,” explains Jorge Olcina, professor of geography at the University of Alicante.
This could lead to the beaches shrinking, with a loss of the usable sand available for holidaymakers.
“This problem requires significant economic investments every three or four years to repair the beaches and promenades,” says Jorge.
The Spanish government has said for decades that the country’s coastline suffers from the “generalised process of coastal regression”, and has invested millions into replacing sand on degraded beaches. But in the long term, it warns it will not be possible to keep up with requests from all the municipalities that request such help.
And it’s far from over. “Some conservative models assume that the sea level will rise from half a metre to one metre by the end of the century,” says Markus. “However, these estimates do not include some factors that are not well understood – for example, the impact of the melting ice of the Antarctic. So this could increase predicted increases substantially.”
Which Spanish beaches are most vulnerable to coastal erosion?
Some Spanish regions are more vulnerable than others – among them, Catalonia.
Across northeastern Spain, rising sea levels and winter storms have been eating away at the shoreline. A 2017 report by the regional government suggests that 164 km of the region’s coastline – out of a total of 218 km studied – is at high or very high risk of erosion. Half of the beaches are expected to “deteriorate”.
In Barcelona, whose artificial beaches were installed 30 years ago when the city was hosting the 1992 Olympic Games, the situation is even more critical.
Eight out of nine beaches are at high risk from sea storms. The city already warns that some could disappear entirely.
“Sant Sebastià could almost disappear in the worst-case scenarios, while the others could suffer reductions of between 30 per cent and 46 per cent,” Barcelona City Hall’s 2018-2030 Climate Plan reads.
Of the 700,000 cubic metres of sand sent by the Spanish government to the coast of Barcelona province in 2010, 70 per cent has since disappeared. The city estimates that 30,000 cubic metres of sand are washed away every year.
Looking ahead, Barcelona has gathered a group of experts to study the future of the beaches. In the meantime, the practice of replacing sand is increasingly being seen as a waste of money and damaging to the environment.
How will coastal erosion impact tourism in Spain?
Coastal erosion could have alarming consequences for Spanish tourism, which today accounts for nearly 13 per cent of both GDP and employment in Spain, and is heavily dependent on beaches.
The European Travel Commission (ETC) already reported a 10 per cent decrease in tourist frequency in the Mediterranean in 2023 compared to the previous year, due to climate change and extreme weather events.
And Spain is set to be one of the most severely impacted EU countries going forward, according to a report on the ‘Regional impact of climate change on European tourism demand’ published by the European Commission last year.
In a scenario of 3°C warming from pre-industrial levels, tourist demand could fall by nearly 10 per cent – or more than 15 per cent in a scenario at 4°C, the report states.
Last year, the UN warned that the world is on track for nearly 3°C of warming under current climate plans – far beyond the safe threshold of 1.5°C set in the Paris climate agreement.
But for now, visitor numbers aren’t a concern, as recent overtourism protests from Barcelona to Malaga illustrate.
“Rising sea levels, for now, have no hard effect,” says Jorge. “On the contrary, we are experiencing a boom in the arrival of tourists.”
Spain welcomed a record 53.4 million international tourists up to 31 July – a 12 per cent increase on last year. This pumped €71.1 billion into the economy, according to data from Spain’s National Institute of Statistics (INE).
‘The heat is becoming unbearable’
Yet Spain’s tourism industry faces the looming threat of climate change on other fronts.
“The biggest problem remains the constant loss of thermal comfort due to the increase of tropical nights, with temperatures above 20ºC. So the heat is becoming unbearable,” Jorge says.
This could force tourist destinations to make investments in urban design, such as adding more trees and water fountains in the streets, the experts say.
In the meantime, tourists are already starting to turn to the cooler northern regions of the country, long shunned.
Between 2019 and 2023 – a record-hot year in Spain – tourism spending increased the most in the least hot regions of Spain, research from Spanish financial services company CaixaBank, published in January, shows.
It remains to be seen whether the trend will continue.
Travel
Travel warning: Bringing European meat and dairy products into the UK could land you a €6,000 fine
The UK has put a temporary ban on travellers from Europe (including returning British citizens) bringing meat and dairy products into the country.
The restrictions came in on 12 April in response to the uptick in cases of foot-and-mouth disease on the continent.
Visitors in possession of banned items will have to surrender them at the border or have them seized and destroyed.
Travellers arriving from an EU or EFTA country (Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein) currently cannot bring meat from cattle, sheep, pigs or goats, or dairy produce into the UK for personal consumption.
The ban includes sandwiches, cheeses, cured meats and raw meats, according to the new ruling from the British government.
Even products which are packed or packaged, or have been purchased at duty free are off limits.
Travellers found in possession of these items risk fines of up to £5,000 (€5,845) in the most serious cases.
The restrictions only apply to visitors arriving in Great Britain – but not in Northern Ireland, Jersey, Guernsey or the Isle of Man.
Some products are exempt from the ban. Travellers can bring in a limited amount of infant formula milk, medical foods, and some items such as chocolate, confectionery, bread, cakes, biscuits and pasta.
Why has the UK banned visitors from bringing in meat?
The UK currently remains free of foot-and-mouth disease, so the measure hopes to prevent the spread from European countries.
The British government has also banned imports of cattle, sheep, other ruminants, pig meat and dairy products from Germany, Hungary, Slovakia and Austria.
Foot-and-mouth disease is highly contagious and can be fatal to cloven-hoofed animals, including cattle, sheep and pigs.
The disease does not pose a health risk to humans, and meat and milk from infected livestock are considered safe to consume.
“This government will do whatever it takes to protect British farmers from foot-and-mouth,” the UK’s farming minister Daniel Zeichner said.
“That is why we are further strengthening protections by introducing restrictions on personal meat and dairy imports to prevent the spread of the disease and protect Britain’s food security.”
Travel
UK and Spain travel warning: Airport and hotel strikes expected to cause disruption this Easter
Travellers in Europe this Easter weekend are being urged to check for delays or cancellations with strikes expected in several holiday hotspots.
This Easter weekend is expected to be especially busy with 11,282 flights scheduled to depart from UK airports alone, according to analytics firm Cirium.
Travellers are advised to check their flight and booking status regularly as negotiations are still ongoing in many cases, and strikes could be called off last minute.
UK: Gatwick airport workers to strike
The Unite union announced earlier this month that there would be strike action at Gatwick Airport – the UK’s second busiest airport – starting on Good Friday 18 April and ending in the early hours of the morning on 22 April.
This includes baggage handlers, check-in staff and flight dispatchers for airlines including Norwegian, Delta, TAP and Air Peace. The union says it expects the industrial action to impact around 50 flights a day, with long queues and delays at check-in counters.
The company at the heart of this dispute, Red Handling, said this week that it is confident it will find a resolution and that contingency plans will be in place over the busy Easter period.
Spain: Hotel workers to walk out in Tenerife
A planned strike by hotel industry workers will go ahead in Tenerife on 17 and 18 April.
The walkout was planned across the Canary Islands, but an agreement was reached to suspend the strike on the neighbouring islands of Gran Canaria, Lanzarote and Fuerteventura.
Workers in Tenerife, however, say that their employers have not been as willing to listen to their demands. Unions say they are still open to last-minute negotiations, which would avoid the strikes.
The Canary Islands Department of Tourism and Employment has set minimum service levels for the hospitality industry over the Easter Weekend. It would mean some basic services, such as reception and concierge or cleaning, restaurants and cooking, still have to go ahead even if a walkout happens.
The CCOO union, which called the strike, however, insists that the hospitality industry is not an essential service and has said these minimum services will not be met by the strike committee.
“The imposition of minimum services constitutes an illegitimate, disproportionate, and legally unsustainable restriction on the fundamental right to strike,” CCOO stated in a press release.
France: Train strike could be called with 48 hours notice
Members of the Sud Rail union have issued a six-week strike notice between 17 April and 2 June. Though no dates have been confirmed, a strike could take place with as little as 48 hours notice.
This will only affect train controllers working for national operator SCNF, but could mean some services are delayed or cancelled during the action.
Travel
Venice’s daytripper fee returns this week, rising to €10 for last-minute bookings
Venice’s daytripper tax is relaunching this week, and the fee has doubled to €10 for last-minute visitors.
Mayor Luigi Brugnaro stressed that the tax aims to help the city and its citizens battle overtourism and avoid huge influxes of visitors during crowded holidays and weekends.
The payment system was launched last year for a time-limited pilot program.
Venice introduced the long-discussed daytripper fee after the city narrowly escaped being placed on the UN’s list of endangered heritage sites, due largely to the impact of overtourism.
Visitors staying overnight in the historic centre are exempt from the charge as they already pay a tourist tax.
How does Venice’s entry fee work?
The new tax will be applied every Friday through Sunday and on holidays from 18 April to 27 July, for a total of 54 days.
That’s almost double the number of days it was in place last year. Tourists who don’t make reservations up to four days in advance will pay €10 instead of the usual €5.
The tax will be in force during peak hours, from 8.30 am to 4 pm.
Anyone found beyond designated control points without the required documentation will be subject to fines.
These will range from €50 to €300, plus the maximum entrance fee allowed by law, set at €10.
Officials have emphasised that the programme aims to reduce crowds on peak days, encourage longer visits and improve the quality of life for residents.
The fee is not required for anyone staying in Venice, including the mainland districts of Marghera and Mestre. Venice’s islands, including glass-making Murano, are also outside the program.
Exemptions are also issued for a variety of reasons, including to access the city for work, school or medical care, as well as to people born in Venice and residents of the Veneto region.
How can I book my ticket for Venice?
Visitors can ‘reserve’ their day in Venice on a dedicated platform.
Daytrippers pay the required fee (€5 or €10) and get a QR code that will then be checked at spot controls at seven access points around the city, including at the main train station.
Visitors with hotel reservations enter their hotel information and also get a QR code to show. They don’t have to pay, however, since their hotel bill will already include a Venice lodging fee.
Why has Venice introduced an entry fee?
Venice has long suffered under the pressure of overtourism, but officials say pre-pandemic estimates ranging from 25 to 30 million visitors a year – including daytrippers – are not reliable and that the pilot project also aimed to come up with more exact figures to help better manage the phenomenon.
By contrast, registered visitors spending the night last year numbered 4.6 million, according to city figures, down 16 per cent from pre-pandemic highs.
The pandemic delayed Venice’s plans to launch the daytripper tax, which has become a keystone of the city’s attempts to deal with overtourism.
UNESCO cited the plan when it decided not to include the city on the list of endangered world heritage sites last September, a tarnish that it similarly avoided two years earlier with the cruise ship ban through St. Mark’s Basin and the Giudecca Canal.
Cruise ships brought 1.6 million people to Venice in 2019.
Activists sounded a warning last summer when the number of tourist beds officially overtook the number of residents, which has dwindled to under 50,000 in a trend dating back decades.
They said the imbalance drains the city of services, clogging its tight alleyways and water buses with suitcase-toting tourists and pushing residents to the mainland with its conveniences.
Was the trial of the entry fee a success?
At the end of the first test phase last July, officials said the tax had netted €2.4 million, accounting for about 1,000 entrances on each of the test days.
Brugnaro responded to critics who have called it a failure and said it did not deter as many arrivals as expected.
“Venice is the first city in the world that tries to manage the problem of overtourism. We obtained important results,” the mayor said.
But some citizens’ groups and opposition councillors claim the access fee completely failed to control overtourism.
“Data offered by the control room show that on average during the period of implementation of the fee, we had about 7,000 more tourist entries than in previous years,” said Giovanni Andrea Martini, an opposition councillor.
“This shows that the access fee is not at all a system able to manage the flows.”
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