Health & Society
Biologists have found a similarity between canine dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in humans
In the future, the study authors plan to determine whether the disorders in humans and dogs are indeed similar
Biologists have discovered that canine dementia has similarities to Alzheimer’s disease in humans, writes Rambler.
The first symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease in humans are usually disturbed sleep patterns. These changes are thought to be the result of damage to the areas of the brain that regulate sleep. In addition, the number of slow delta volts in the brain is less.
In the course of the work, the biologists found that a similar reduction in sleep time and delta brain wave period was observed in dogs with the equivalent of dementia, Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome.
In the future, the study authors plan to determine whether the disorders in humans and dogs are indeed similar. If this is confirmed, the scientists allow the animals to be used as models to study Alzheimer’s disease.
Source: Rambler (Rambler is a Russian search engine and one of the largest Russian web portals owned by Rambler Media Group. The site was launched in 1996 by Stack Ltd, went public in 2005, was acquired by Prof-Media in 2006, and since then was acquired by the Russian state bank Sberbank).
Photo by Simona Kidrič: https://www.pexels.com/photo/medium-short-coated-white-dog-on-white-textile-2607544/
Health & Society
Hydration Hacks – The Underrated Role of Water in Natural Healing

Hydration plays a vital role in maintaining overall health and promoting natural healing processes. He or she might not realize that inadequate water intake can lead to severe dehydration, impacting both physical and mental performance. They should be aware that water aids in digestion, nutrient absorption, and toxin elimination, making it vital for recovery from illnesses. Furthermore, incorporating simple hydration hacks can enhance their wellbeing, as water helps to reduce inflammation and improve skin health. By understanding the powerful benefits of water, individuals can leverage hydration as a fundamental tool in their healing journey.
Key Takeaways:
- Water serves as a foundational element in detoxification, helping to eliminate toxins from the body more effectively.
- Staying adequately hydrated enhances overall digestion and nutrient absorption, promoting better health outcomes.
- Proper hydration can improve skin health, reducing dryness and supporting a natural glow.
- Drinking water before and after meals may assist in weight management by curbing hunger and preventing overeating.
- Incorporating hydrating foods, such as fruits and vegetables, can contribute significantly to daily water intake.
The Science of Hydration
As individuals seek to improve their health, understanding the role of hydration becomes crucial. Adequate water intake not only supports daily functions but also fosters natural healing. Scientific research has demonstrated how hydration impacts various bodily systems, from digestion to cognitive function, highlighting the profound influence of water on overall well-being.
Understanding Body Water Composition
Water constitutes about 60% of the human body, varying by age, gender, and body composition. This crucial fluid plays a vital role in transporting nutrients, regulating temperature, and facilitating metabolic processes. Maintaining an optimal balance of water is crucial for bodily functions to perform efficiently.
The Physiological Benefits of Staying Hydrated
Against the backdrop of modern lifestyles, individuals often overlook the significance of hydration, yet it is paramount for optimal health.
In fact, staying adequately hydrated leads to enhanced cognitive performance, improved mood, and better physical endurance. Dehydration can result in fatigue, diminished concentration, and severe complications such as kidney stones. On the other hand, sufficient water intake ensures the body functions effectively, supports digestion, and enhances nutrient absorption. The positive impacts of hydration extend beyond the physical realm, contributing to mental clarity and overall emotional stability, showcasing the profound connection between water and natural healing.
Water and the Immune System
Clearly, hydration plays a vital role in supporting the immune system. Sufficient water intake ensures optimal circulation of blood and lymphatic fluids, which transport important nutrients and immune cells throughout the body. A well-hydrated individual is less likely to experience fatigue and has a better chance of effectively fighting off infections, making water a key player in maintaining overall health.
Enhancing Immune Function
About 70% of the immune system is located in the gut, where hydration aids in digestion and nutrient absorption. Adequate water intake helps maintain the mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract, enhancing the body’s defenses against pathogens. Staying hydrated can lead to a more robust immune response and a decreased risk of illness.
Water’s Role in Detoxification
Along with supporting immune function, water is instrumental in the body’s detoxification processes. Proper hydration assists the kidneys in filtering out waste products and toxins from the bloodstream. This process is vital for preventing the buildup of harmful substances that can compromise overall health.
Understanding how water aids in detoxification reveals its significant impact on health. When an individual remains well-hydrated, their body effectively flushes out toxins through sweat, urine, and stool. Insufficient water intake can lead to dehydration, hindering the kidneys’ ability to eliminate waste, which may result in increased levels of harmful substances in the body. Maintaining proper hydration supports optimal liver function, further enhancing detoxification and promoting overall well-being. Therefore, ensuring adequate water intake is important for those seeking to maintain their health and support their body’s natural cleansing mechanisms.
Hydration and Mental Clarity
Once again, the importance of hydration extends beyond physical health, playing a vital role in mental clarity. When individuals maintain adequate fluid intake, they often experience improved focus, sharper memory, and heightened cognitive function. This demonstrates that the simplest resource—water—can significantly enhance mental performance, helping she, he, or they navigate daily challenges with greater ease.
Effects on Cognitive Function
Clarity of thought improves significantly with proper hydration. Research indicates that even mild dehydration can lead to difficulties in attention, memory, and complex tasks. When he or she prioritizes hydration, they are more likely to perform optimally in mentally demanding situations, fostering a sense of accomplishment and efficiency in their daily responsibilities.
Hydration’s Impact on Mood and Stress
Clarity arises not only in cognitive function but also in emotional well-being. Proper hydration can play a vital part in managing mood and reducing stress levels. When she stays hydrated, they often experience fewer mood swings and a calmer demeanor, which can contribute to overall emotional stability.
Considering the relationship between hydration and emotional health, it becomes evident that inadequate fluid intake can lead to increased feelings of anxiety and depression. Jane and John, for example, may often find that when they are dehydrated, they feel overwhelmed by stress. Conversely, by ensuring they drink enough water, they may notice a noticeable boost in their mood and a reduction in feelings of irritability. The positive effects of hydration, therefore, extend well into mental health, making it a vital aspect of holistic healing practices.
Practical Hydration Hacks
Keep hydration simple by integrating water into daily habits. She can carry a reusable water bottle, set reminders on her phone, or incorporate water-rich foods, like fruits and vegetables, into her meals. Additionally, they might consider infusing their water with herbs or fruits to enhance the flavor, making the experience more enjoyable and encouraging consistent consumption. These small changes can significantly increase overall water intake and promote better health.
Creative Ways to Increase Water Intake
Beside the traditional methods, individuals can explore creative strategies to boost their water consumption. She might try herbal teas or homemade smoothies as a refreshing alternative. Even adding a splash of citrus to her water can not only improve taste but also provide a vitamin boost, making hydration a more appealing part of her daily routine.
Hydration Tracking Tools and Techniques
Among the various strategies, utilizing tracking tools can help monitor water intake effectively. He can use mobile apps designed for this purpose that send alerts and log daily consumption. Additionally, they may find that visual cues, such as marking water levels on their bottle or using a chart, can also motivate them to stay on track.
In fact, tracking water intake can be a game changer for maintaining proper hydration levels. Many apps not only log daily consumption but also generate reports that help her analyze patterns and adjust her habits accordingly. They can set achievable hydration goals and even receive reminders to drink throughout the day. Consistency in these practices has been linked to improved energy levels and overall wellness, so it’s crucial she incorporates these tools into her daily routine for optimum health benefits.
Food and Hydration
To optimize hydration levels, individuals must acknowledge the profound relationship between food and fluid intake. Foods not only provide vital nutrients but also contribute significantly to overall hydration. Many foods possess high water content, offering an effective way to increase daily fluid intake while enjoying a balanced diet. Therefore, understanding the interplay between what they consume and how it impacts their hydration can lead them toward better health outcomes.
Hydrating Foods to Incorporate
Any diet can benefit from incorporating hydrating foods such as cucumbers, watermelon, strawberries, and lettuce. These foods are not only rich in water but also packed with vitamins and minerals. By adding them to daily meals and snacks, individuals enhance their hydration while enjoying a variety of flavors and textures, ultimately supporting their overall health.
Balance Between Food and Fluid Intake
Around the concept of hydration, achieving a balance between food and fluid intake is vital. While consuming ample liquids is necessary, solid foods contribute significantly to hydration levels as well.
Indeed, the balance between food and fluid intake plays a vital role in maintaining optimal hydration. Inadequate fluid consumption can lead to dehydration, impairing bodily functions and impacting overall well-being. On the other hand, relying solely on fluids without considering the water content in foods can result in an unbalanced diet. When individuals prioritize both food and fluid intake, they can ensure efficient hydration while benefiting from the nutrients found in whole foods. Achieving this balance can lead to improved health, energy levels, and enhanced natural healing processes.
Special Considerations for Different Groups
Unlike a one-size-fits-all approach, hydration needs can vary significantly across different demographics. Factors such as age, physical activity level, and health status play a vital role in determining how much water he, she, or they should consume. It’s crucial to tailor hydration strategies to meet the unique requirements of each individual to promote optimal health and wellness.
Hydration Needs for Athletes
To maintain peak performance, athletes typically require higher fluid intake than the average individual. Their bodies lose significant amounts of water through sweat during rigorous training sessions and competitions. As such, it is crucial for them to replenish lost fluids promptly to avoid fatigue and enhance endurance.
Hydration for Seniors and Children
Across all age groups, hydration is especially important for seniors and children, who may face unique challenges. Seniors often experience a diminished sense of thirst, which can lead to dehydration. Children, on the other hand, tend to lose more fluids during play but might not consistently recognize their fluid needs. Attention to their hydration is necessary to ensure their overall health and well-being.
Further emphasizing the importance of hydration, he, she, or they must be cautious about the signs of dehydration in both seniors and children. Seniors may exhibit symptoms such as confusion or dizziness, while children may show irritability and overall lethargy. Ensuring they drink adequate water throughout the day can help prevent these negative outcomes, promoting better health and support for their bodies’ natural healing processes.
Conclusion
Taking this into account, it becomes evident that water plays a foundational role in natural healing processes. They should recognize that adequate hydration not only supports physical health but also enhances mental well-being. By incorporating simple hydration hacks into their daily routines, they can empower their bodies to function optimally, thereby promoting better recovery and overall health. This often-overlooked aspect of wellness highlights the significance of water as a vital ally in holistic healing.
FAQ
Q: What are hydration hacks and how do they relate to natural healing?
A: Hydration hacks refer to simple strategies and tips for increasing water intake and making it easier to stay hydrated. They play a significant role in natural healing as proper hydration supports bodily functions, boosts energy levels, enhances digestion, and aids in the elimination of toxins. By integrating these hacks into daily life, individuals can optimize their health and well-being through the power of water.
Q: How much water should I be drinking daily to support my health?
A: While individual water needs can vary based on factors like age, weight, activity level, and climate, a common recommendation is to aim for about 8-10 cups (64-80 ounces) of water each day. It’s important to listen to your body—thirst signals and the color of your urine can be good indicators. If it’s light yellow, you’re likely well-hydrated; if it’s darker, it may be time to increase your fluid intake.
Q: What are some practical hydration hacks I can easily implement?
A: A few effective hydration hacks include carrying a reusable water bottle for easy access, infusing water with fruits or herbs for added flavor, setting reminders on your phone to drink water regularly, and consuming water-rich foods like fruits and vegetables. Gradually increasing your intake and making drinking water a habit can greatly enhance hydration levels.
Q: Can staying hydrated help with specific health conditions?
A: Yes, proper hydration can positively impact various health conditions. For instance, it can assist in alleviating headaches, improving skin health, maintaining digestive function, and supporting kidney health by helping to flush out toxins. Hydration can also promote recovery from illnesses and physical fatigue by aiding in nutrient absorption and circulation throughout the body.
Q: Is there a difference between plain water and other beverages when it comes to hydration?
A: While plain water is often the best choice for hydration, other beverages like herbal teas, and water-rich fruits and vegetables, can also contribute to your daily fluid intake. However, drinks high in sugar, caffeine, or alcohol may lead to dehydration, so it’s advantageous to prioritize clean water and low-calorie hydration options for optimal health benefits.
Health & Society
Healing from Within – The Science Behind Anti-Inflammatory Diets

He can explore the transformative power of an anti-inflammatory diet and its potential to reduce chronic inflammation, a leading factor in various health issues. She may discover that incorporating specific foods into daily meals not only promotes overall wellness but also plays a significant role in preventing diseases such as heart disease and diabetes. They will learn how the right combination of nutrients can support the body’s healing processes and enhance vitality, making a personalized approach to nutrition more important than ever.
Key Takeaways:
- Anti-inflammatory diets focus on whole, nutrient-dense foods that combat inflammation and promote overall health.
- Key components include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, healthy fats, and lean proteins, which provide necessary antioxidants and phytonutrients.
- Specific foods, such as fatty fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids, turmeric, and green tea, have been shown to have significant anti-inflammatory effects.
- Reducing processed foods, added sugars, and unhealthy fats can help lower inflammation levels in the body.
- Individual responses to diet may vary, highlighting the importance of personalized approaches to nutrition and health management.
Understanding Inflammation
While inflammation is a natural response of the body to injury or infection, it plays a complex role in overall health. It acts as a protective mechanism, signaling the immune system to initiate healing processes. However, when inflammation becomes chronic, it can lead to various health issues, including autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic syndrome. Thus, understanding inflammation is key to recognizing how diet can influence its regulation and impact well-being.
The Body’s Immune Response
Before diving deeper into inflammation, it’s important to grasp how the body’s immune response works. When an individual suffers an injury or encounters an invader, the immune system springs into action. It releases various chemicals and white blood cells that target pathogens, facilitating healing and defense against disease, thereby exhibiting the body’s remarkable ability to respond to threats.
Acute vs. Chronic Inflammation
With inflammation, it is necessary to differentiate between acute and chronic forms. Acute inflammation occurs as a short-term response to injury or infection, manifesting with symptoms like redness, heat, pain, and swelling. In contrast, chronic inflammation persists over time and may result from unresolved acute inflammation, autoimmune conditions, or lifestyle factors such as diet and stress.
Immune responses during acute inflammation are beneficial, facilitating healing and enabling recovery from injuries or infections. However, if the inflammation persists as chronic inflammation, it can become detrimental. Chronic inflammation is linked to serious health conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer, ultimately hindering healing and promoting disease progression. Understanding the balance between these two forms of inflammation is integral to navigating health and diet effectively.
The Role of Diet in Inflammation
Clearly, the diet a person follows plays a significant role in the body’s inflammatory response. Numerous studies have shown that certain foods can either exacerbate or reduce inflammation, affecting overall health and well-being. This underlines the importance of a well-balanced diet in managing inflammatory conditions, highlighting the potential of dietary choices in promoting healing from within.
Nutrients that Combat Inflammation
For individuals seeking to reduce inflammation, incorporating specific nutrients into their diet can be beneficial. They should focus on nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and fiber, as these components have been shown to lessen inflammatory markers in the body. Foods rich in these nutrients can help combat chronic inflammation and promote overall health.
Foods to Avoid
Before commenceing on an anti-inflammatory diet, individuals should be aware of certain foods that may contribute to increased inflammation. Eliminating or reducing the intake of processed foods, sugar, and trans fats can significantly impact inflammatory levels in the body.
Due to their high sugar content and presence of unhealthy fats, processed foods can trigger inflammatory responses within the body. Foods like sugary snacks, white bread, and fried items often lead to an increase in inflammatory markers, which can aggravate existing health issues. By avoiding these foods, individuals can help maintain lower inflammation levels and support better health outcomes.
The Science Behind Anti-Inflammatory Diets
Unlike traditional diets that primarily focus on weight loss, anti-inflammatory diets are designed to reduce systemic inflammation within the body. Research indicates that specific foods, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats, can significantly impact inflammatory markers, resulting in better health outcomes. This dietary approach emphasizes holistic well-being, suggesting that what one eats can play a vital role in mitigating various chronic diseases linked to inflammation.
Key Research Findings
Before delving into the science, several studies support the efficacy of anti-inflammatory diets in reducing inflammation and improving overall health. Meta-analyses have shown that adherence to a Mediterranean diet, rich in omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants, correlates with lower levels of inflammatory biomarkers. Additionally, habitual consumption of highly processed foods and sugars has been associated with increased inflammatory responses. These findings underline the importance of dietary choices in managing inflammation.
Mechanisms of Action
Behind the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory diets lies a complex interplay of various biological mechanisms. The consumption of foods high in antioxidants, such as fruits and vegetables, combats oxidative stress, which is a precursor to inflammation. Moreover, omega-3 fatty acids present in fish and flaxseeds are known to produce anti-inflammatory eicosanoids, actively reducing inflammation signals. Furthermore, these diets promote a balanced gut microbiome, which is integral in regulating immune responses and enhancing anti-inflammatory pathways throughout the body.
The mechanisms of action behind anti-inflammatory diets illustrate their profound impact on health. Polyphenols found in various plant-based foods help to lower the activity of inflammatory genes and enhance antioxidant defenses. By including foods like berries, nuts, and green leafy vegetables, individuals can foster an environment less conducive to chronic inflammation. Ensuring a daily intake of fiber-rich foods also plays a pivotal role, as beneficial gut bacteria can convert fiber into short-chain fatty acids, which have anti-inflammatory effects. The cumulative effects of these dietary choices promote better overall health while significantly lowering the risk of inflammation-related diseases.
Popular Anti-Inflammatory Diets
Once again, health experts have emphasized the value of incorporating anti-inflammatory diets into daily routines. These diets aim to reduce chronic inflammation, which is linked to various diseases. Among the most prominent are the Mediterranean diet and plant-based diets, both of which emphasize nutrient-dense foods that nurture the body while promoting long-term health benefits.
Mediterranean Diet
For those seeking a balanced and flavorful approach to nutrition, the Mediterranean diet stands out. This diet highlights whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and healthy fats such as olive oil, coupled with moderate fish and poultry consumption, making it a delicious and sustainable choice for promoting well-being.
Plant-Based Diets
Diets that focus on plant-based foods have gained attention for their anti-inflammatory properties. They primarily consist of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and seeds, offering a rich array of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.
Also, plant-based diets can significantly reduce the risk of chronic diseases like heart disease and diabetes. By avoiding processed foods and animal products, individuals can lower their intake of unhealthy fats and sugars. Such diets promote a healthier weight, thereby contributing to reduced inflammation. However, it is necessary for individuals to ensure they obtain adequate nutrients, such as protein and vitamin B12, which are less abundant in a strictly plant-based regimen.
Practical Tips for Implementing an Anti-Inflammatory Diet
Many individuals seeking to adopt an anti-inflammatory diet can benefit from practical strategies for success. Consider the following tips:
- Incorporate more fruits and vegetables into daily meals.
- Choose whole grains over processed foods.
- Include healthy fats like olive oil and avocado.
- Opt for lean proteins such as fish and chicken.
- Stay hydrated with water and herbal teas.
Recognizing the impact of these adjustments can lead to lasting benefits.
Meal Planning and Preparation
Along with a well-structured approach to food shopping, effective meal planning and preparation can streamline the transition to an anti-inflammatory diet. Creating weekly menus helps individuals focus on incorporating a variety of nutrient-dense foods while minimizing the temptation of processed ingredients.
Mindful Eating Practices
Among the various strategies to enhance the effects of an anti-inflammatory diet, adopting mindful eating practices plays a significant role. This means being present during meals, savoring flavors, and appreciating the nutritional value of foods.
Also, individuals can benefit immensely from focusing on portion sizes and listening to their body’s hunger cues. This practice not only encourages healthier eating habits but can also lead to a deeper connection with food choices. Emphasizing the importance of eating without distractions enhances awareness of how foods affect the body. Such mindfulness fosters a positive relationship with food, ultimately aiding in the journey towards improved health and well-being.
Potential Challenges and Solutions
Keep in mind that adopting an anti-inflammatory diet may come with challenges, including social situations and food availability. He or she may find it difficult to navigate meals at gatherings or locate suitable foods in stores. Developing a personalized strategy that includes meal prepping and seeking support from friends and family can help mitigate these issues.
Dietary Adjustments
The transition to an anti-inflammatory diet may require significant dietary adjustments. She might need to eliminate certain foods, such as processed items and sugars, while incorporating more whole foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats. Balancing these changes can lead to improved health outcomes.
Overcoming Psychological Barriers
Any superficial change in diet can often trigger psychological barriers that may deter progress. These can include feelings of deprivation, the fear of losing favorite foods, or social pressures. He should understand that a supportive environment and education about the benefits can foster a positive mindset.
And, when addressing psychological barriers, individuals may find it beneficial to focus on the long-term health advantages of the new diet. She can replace feelings of deprivation with the excitement of discovering new, flavorful foods that promote well-being. Moreover, engaging with a community or support group can provide the encouragement and accountability needed to maintain healthy eating habits. Recognizing that dietary changes take time can help them be more forgiving of setbacks and embrace the journey toward improved health.
To wrap up
Summing up, healing from within involves understanding the science behind anti-inflammatory diets and their role in reducing chronic inflammation. Through the incorporation of natural, nutrient-dense foods, individuals can potentially combat various health conditions. They benefit from the demonstrated effects of anti-inflammatory foods on bodily mechanisms, enhancing overall well-being. Additionally, he, she, or they can tailor these dietary changes to fit their lifestyles, paving the way for sustainable health improvements. Ultimately, knowledge of these dietary foundations empowers one to make informed choices that promote wellness from the inside out.
FAQ
Q: What is an anti-inflammatory diet?
A: An anti-inflammatory diet focuses on consuming foods that help reduce inflammation in the body. This typically includes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, healthy fats, and lean proteins while limiting processed foods, sugars, and trans fats. The aim is to incorporate nutrients that promote overall health and may alleviate symptoms of chronic inflammation.
Q: How does an anti-inflammatory diet affect overall health?
A: Following an anti-inflammatory diet can lead to numerous health benefits, including improved heart health, enhanced cognitive function, and reduced risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes, arthritis, and certain cancers. By emphasizing nutrient-rich foods, this diet supports the immune system and helps the body manage and mitigate inflammation.
Q: Can anyone benefit from an anti-inflammatory diet?
A: Yes, most individuals can experience benefits from an anti-inflammatory diet, regardless of whether they have chronic inflammation or specific health concerns. Adopting an anti-inflammatory lifestyle can help enhance overall well-being, improve energy levels, and promote a balanced immune system for everyone.
Q: What are some common foods to include in an anti-inflammatory diet?
A: Foods that are typically recommended for an anti-inflammatory diet include leafy greens (such as spinach and kale), berries, fatty fish (like salmon and sardines), nuts, seeds, olives, tomatoes, and whole grains. Spices like turmeric and ginger are also known for their anti-inflammatory properties and can be easily incorporated into meals.
Q: How long does it take to see results from an anti-inflammatory diet?
A: The timeline for seeing results can vary from person to person. Some individuals may notice improvements in energy levels and overall well-being within a few weeks of adhering to the diet, while others may take longer to experience significant changes. Consistency is crucial, and the positive effects are often cumulative over time as the body adjusts to healthier food choices.
Health & Society
EU Court of Justice: Gender identity cannot depend on proof of surgical operation

Correction of data on gender identity cannot depend on proof of surgical operation. This is stated in the judgment of the EU Court of Justice in case C-247/23.
In 2014, V.P., an Iranian national, obtained refugee status in Hungary, citing his trans identity and presenting medical certificates drawn up by specialists in psychiatry and gynaecology. According to those certificates, although the person in question was born a woman, his gender identity was that of a man.
After his refugee status was recognised, the person in question was entered as a woman in the asylum register. In 2022, on the basis of the same medical certificates, V.P. requested, in particular, that authority to correct the indication of his gender in that register and the asylum granted. However, the person’s request was rejected on the grounds that V.P. did not prove that he had undergone gender reassignment surgery.
The person appealed against the refusal before the Budapest City Court. It stated that Hungarian law does not provide for a procedure for the legal recognition of trans identity.
The Court of Justice of the EU stated that, under Article 16 of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and in particular under the principle of accuracy laid down therein, the data subject has the right to obtain from the controller the rectification without undue delay of inaccurate personal data relating to him. That regulation thus gives concrete expression to the fundamental right enshrined in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (hereinafter referred to as the “Charter”), according to which everyone has the right of access to data collected concerning him and the right to have them rectified.
In that regard, the Court of Justice of the EU noted that the accuracy and completeness of those data must be assessed in the light of the purpose for which they were collected. The CJEU considers that the Hungarian court must verify the accuracy of the data at issue in the light of the purpose for which they were collected. If the collection of those data is intended to identify the data subject, those data appear to relate to the gender identity experienced by that person and not to the gender identity assigned to him or her at birth.
In that context, the CJEU states that a Member State cannot rely on the absence of a procedure for the legal recognition of transidentity in its national law in order to prevent the exercise of the right to rectification. Indeed, although EU law does not affect the competence of the Member States in the field of civil status and the legal recognition of their gender identity, those States must comply with EU law, including the GDPR, read in the light of the Charter.
The Court of Justice of the EU concluded that the GDPR must be interpreted as requiring a national authority responsible for maintaining a public register to rectify personal data relating to the gender identity of a natural person where those data are inaccurate within the meaning of that regulation. Secondly, the Court found that, in order to exercise the right to rectification, that person may be required to provide relevant and sufficient evidence which may reasonably be required to establish the inaccuracy of those data.
However, a Member State may in no circumstances make the exercise of the right to rectification conditional on the production of evidence of gender reassignment surgery. Such a requirement affects, in particular, the essence of the right to the integrity of the person and the right to respect for private life, as set out in Articles 3 and 7 of the Charter respectively.
Furthermore, such a requirement is in any event neither necessary nor proportionate in order to ensure the reliability and consistency of a public register such as the register of asylum granted, since a medical certificate, including a preliminary psychological diagnosis, may constitute relevant and sufficient evidence in that regard.
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