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Expert: ECHR Article not in line with International Human Rights Standards

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The hearing of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe with experts, held last week, examined the discriminatory ideology that is at the core of the European Convention on Human Rights’ (ECHR) limitation of the right to freedom and security of people with psychosocial disabilities. The Committee also heard the modern human rights concept promoted and endorsed by the United Nations.

The ECHR, ‘unsound minds’ and the ECHR

As the first expert Prof. Dr. Marius TurdaThe Director of the Centre for Medical Humanities at Oxford Brookes University in the UK, described the historical context within which the European Convention on Human Rights was formulated. The term ‘unsound’ has been used in the ECHR historically. Article 5, 1(e). In all its forms, eugenics has played a major role in shaping the thinking and practice of eugenics. This is not just true in Britain, where it was born.

Prof. Turda stated that “it was used in a variety ways to stigmatise, dehumanise, and to advance discriminatory practices as well as marginalisation of people with learning disabilities.” The eugenic discourses about what constitutes normal/abnormal behavior and attitudes were framed around representations that mentally ‘fitted’ and unfitted’ individuals. This led to new forms of social, political, economic and economic disenfranchisement for women and men who are labeled as ‘unsound minds’.

Ms Boglarka BenkoThe European Convention on Human Rights’ (ECHR) case law was presented by the Registry of the European Court of Human Rights. She also pointed out that the Convention text excludes people who are deemed to be “unsound of mind” from regular protection of their rights. She pointed out that the ECtHR had only very limited regulated their interpretation of the Convention text with regards to the deprivation or liberty of persons who have psychosocial disabilities and mental health problems. In general, courts follow the opinions of medical professionals.

This practice contrasts with other chapters of European Convention on Human Rights, where the European Court has more clearly considered the human right violation of cases as per the ECHR and also looked at other international human right instruments. Boglarka Benko stated that the Human Rights Protection may be at risk of fragmentation.

Laura Marchetti is the Policy Manager at Mental Health Europe (MHE). Photograph: THIX Foto

Another expert Laura MarchettiThe Policy Manager of Mental Health Europe, (MHE), gave a presentation about the human rights aspect of the detentions of people with psychosocial disabilities. MHE is the largest independent European Network Organisation working to Promote Positive Mental Health and Well-being, Prevent Mental Health Problems and Support and Advance the Rights of People with Psychosocial Disabilities.

“For a very long time, people who have mental health issues or psychosocial disabilities were considered inferior, insufficient, and even dangerous to society. Laura Marchetti said that this was due to a biomedical view of mental health which framed it as an individual problem or fault.

She elaborated on the historical discrimination that Prof. Turda had presented. She told the Committee that “Policies, legislation and other measures developed in response to this approach legitimized exclusion and coercion as well as the deprivation or liberty.” She also said that “people with psychosocial disabilities were framed as burdens or dangers to society.”

Psychosocial model of disability

This approach has been increasingly questioned in recent decades as research and public debate have pointed out the discrimination and flaws that come with a biomedical perspective.

Laura Marchetti stated that “Against this backdrop, the so-called ‘psychosocial model of disability’ posits the problems and exclusions that persons with mental health and psychosocial disabilities face are not caused their impairments but by the way the society is organised and views this topic.”

This model also draws attention to the fact there are many determinants that impact a person’s daily life (e.g. The socio-economic factors and the environment, as well as challenging or traumatic events in life.

“Social barriers and determinants” are the problem, and should be addressed through policies and legislation. Laura Marchetti emphasized that the focus should be on inclusion, support and provision of services rather than exclusion and lack choice and control.

This shift in approach is enshrined by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which has the goal to promote, protect, and ensure the full enjoyment of all rights of persons with disabilities.

The CRPD was signed by 164 nations, including all of the European Union’s Member States. It embeds into policies and laws a shift from a medical-based approach to a psychosocial view of disability. It defined persons with disabilities to be people with long-term physical or mental impairments, or intellectual or sensory impairments, which, in combination with other barriers, may prevent their full and effective participation in the society on an even basis with others.

MHE’s presentation to the Parliamentary Assembly Committee included a slide.

Laura Marchetti stated that “The CRPD stipulates individuals cannot be discriminated against on the basis their disability, including psychosocial disabilities.” The Convention states that coercion of any kind, deprivation or legal capacity, and forced treatment are all human rights violations. The CRPD’s article 14 states that “the presence of a disability in no way justifies a deprivation or liberty”.

Laura Marchetti, Policy manager of Mental Health Europe (MHE), answering questions from members of the Parliamentary Committee. Photograph: THIX photo

Article 5 SS1 (e) of the European Convention on Human Rights

The European Convention on Human Rights was drafted between 1949 and 1950. In the section of the ECHR Article 5, SS 1, (e), which deals with the right to freedom and security of person it makes an exception for “persons who are unsound of mind, drug addicts, or vagrants”. This is a result of widespread discriminatory views of the early 1900s.

Representatives of the United Kingdom (UK), Denmark and Sweden, under the British leadership, formulated the exception. The exception was based on the concern that the human rights texts at the time sought to implement Universal Human Rights, including for persons with mental health or psychosocial disabilities. This conflicted directly with legislation and policies in place in those countries. The British, Denmark, and Sweden were all strong eugenicists at the time and had incorporated such principles and viewpoints in legislation and practice.

Mr Stefan Schennach is the Committee Rapporteur of the Parliamentary Assembly on the investigation “Detention of the Socially Maladjusted Persons”, which looks into the limitation to the right in liberty included in the ECHR.. Photograph: THIX Foto

Laura Marchetti concluded by saying that

“In light these changes, the present text of the European Convention on Human Rights Article 5, 1(e), is not in accordance with international standards of human rights, as it allows discrimination on the grounds of a psychosocial impairment or a mental illness problem.”

In her final statement, she stressed that it was crucial to reform the text and remove sections which allow discrimination and unequal treatment to continue.

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EU treading Dangerous Waters: The Perils of Psychedelics in Therapeutic Use

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The European Commission is getting ready to review citizens’ proposals and one controversial idea on the table is the ‘PsychedeliCare’ initiative that supports the exploration and implementation of psychedelic treatments for mental wellbeing issues. Advocates of this initiative highlight the advantages of using psychedelics in addressing mental health concerns; however it’s crucial to carefully assess the consequences of making these substances mainstream for therapeutic use, it already happened with way too many “pharma products” and end up being dangerous street drugs, as this is what they actually were from the beginning.

The Illusory Promise of Psychedelics

Supporters of this “therapies” frequently promote these substances as amazing remedies for profound mental health challenges like depression and anxiety disorders such as PTSD are regularly highlighted by them in support of their claims. However, these early research findings are willfully misinterpreted and exaggerated. The “positive outcomes” observed in limited research studies do not automatically translate to safety and effectiveness across wider and more varied demographic groups, often the contrary. Throughout history the fascination with a quick fix for mental health issues has often resulted in disappointment and harm, if not death.

A Lack of Comprehensive Understanding

The insufficient scientific knowledge about psychedelics raises concerns within the community as the intricate workings of the human brain remain a mystery when influenced by these substances. There are risks such as psychological distress and worsening of preexisting mental health conditions that make it unthinkable to integrate psychedelics into mainstream therapy practices at all. It is crucial to acknowledge the variations in individual experiences and biological compositions to prevent unintended harm rather than aiding in treatment efforts.

Regulatory and Ethical Concerns

The push for government endorsement of psychedelic therapies raises numerous ethical questions. Should substances with known psychoactive properties be part of mainstream health care? The regulatory environment surrounding these compounds is fraught with challenges, including ensuring quality control, standardizing dosages, and preventing misuse. With the legalization movements in various regions, the potential for recreational abuse expands, risking public health and safety.

Historical Context and Social Implications

Looking back, the late 1960s and early 1970s were marked by a psychedelic counterculture that resulted in societal turmoil and increased drug abuse. The legacy of this era still looms large; many young individuals romanticize psychedelic use without regarding the severe consequences that accompanied its earlier popularity, including addiction, mental health crises, and a societal disregard for safety protocols.

A Dangerous Precedent

By calling for a more prominent role for psychedelics in treatment protocols, the advocates of the ‘PsychedeliCare’ initiative may unintentionally set a dangerous precedent. Replacing established, evidence-based treatments with unproven psychedelic therapies could detract from the very real progress made in mental health care. It could shift focus away from holistic approaches that consider lifestyle, therapeutic counseling, and medication tailored to individual needs.

Conclusion

The debate surrounding the ‘PsychedeliCare’ initiative should prompt a vigilant and cautious examination of the implications of endorsing psychedelics as treatment options. While there is a critical need for innovative approaches in mental health care, rushing to embrace unproven therapies poses significant risks. It is paramount that we prioritize rigorous scientific scrutiny, ethical considerations, and the well-being of individuals over the allure of quick solutions. The only clear path forward is one grounded in proven therapies, comprehensive research, and unwavering commitment to public health.

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Why chocolate should not be given to dogs

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Chocolate is a favorite delicacy for people, but for cats and dogs it is a real poison, writes the magazine ” Sciences et Avenir” and explains why pets should not be “pampered” with chocolate under any circumstances.

For them, chocolate is toxic, because it is not properly absorbed by their body. This is due to the alkaloid theobromine, which is contained in cocoa and therefore in chocolate.

The substance becomes dangerous to health when large amounts of it are stored in the liver. About 12 grams of theobromine are contained in dark chocolate, twice as much in milk chocolate, and very small amounts in white chocolate.

Theobromine does not harm humans, as the human body manages to break it down quickly.

However, it takes 20 hours for dogs to get rid of this molecule. It can build up in their liver and cause poisoning if large amounts of chocolate are ingested at once.

Among the symptoms are vomiting, diarrhea, rapid pulse, convulsions.

The same is true for cats. However, they are less attracted to chocolate than dogs because they cannot taste sweets with their tongues, although there are exceptions.

In addition, pet obesity is the subject of a number of educational campaigns aimed at owners.

A court in North West England has banned a British man from keeping pets for the next 10 years because his Dalmatian became too fat. wrote the English tabloid “Sun” in November 2009.

40-year-old man John Green, a resident of Macclesfield in Cheshire, showed extreme irresponsibility towards his dog Barney and fed him chips and chocolate.

Thus, in just three months, it became several times fatter than normal for its breed and reached 70 kg.

Green was tipped off by alarmed, vigilant fellow citizens.

Animal control officials warned Green that his dog’s health was in danger and recommended that he be put on a diet.

However, he did not follow the recommendations and the dog continued to gain weight.

The Dalmatian was eventually removed from his owner’s home in June and put on a diet in a private kennel, where staff made sure he got enough exercise.

As a result, Barney, who is eight years old, lost 40 kg.

Green pleaded guilty to causing his dog unnecessary suffering, but the court found some mitigating circumstances because the man treated Barney more like a friend than a dog and did not realize he was harming him.

That’s why Green was only sentenced to 200 hours of community service and to pay £780 in costs.

Illustrative Photo by Glenn: https://www.pexels.com/photo/high-angle-photo-of-a-corgi-looking-upwards-2664417/

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Russian Orthodox Church calls on mass culture to abandon ‘images promoting alcoholism’

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On the occasion of the Day of Sobriety celebrated in the country today, the Russian Orthodox Church called on mass culture not to promote alcoholism, TASS reported.

The agency recalls that the All-Russian Day of Sobriety is celebrated on the initiative of the Russian Orthodox Church on September 11 to remind people of the harm caused by alcohol. On this day, in some parts of Russia, the sale of alcohol is limited or completely prohibited.

“The culture of attitude towards this is very important. There are many “nice jokes” about alcoholism in our everyday culture. There is nothing good about that. We know what the state of intoxication leads to. Those who deal with mass culture should make an effort that the image of the “dear drunkard” should still leave our mass culture,” said the head of the synodal department of the Moscow Patriarchate for Church Interaction on the sidelines of the St. Petersburg Forum of United Cultures with society and media Vladimir Legoida.

Asked whether it would be appropriate to ban or restrict the sale of alcohol across the country, he said “that would be wonderful”. “But it is important that people do this consciously, independently, not because someone is forcing them, and also that there is, as it is customary to say, a public consensus,” he stated.

Legoida noted that the category of “sobriety” is important for the church in general, which refers not only to abstinence from alcohol.

Meanwhile, during a press conference dedicated to the All-Russian Day of Sobriety, Russia’s Deputy Health Minister Oleg Salagai said that alcohol abuse can reduce a man’s life expectancy by six years and a woman by five years.

“The systemic measures that were adopted allowed us to really reduce alcohol consumption. Today, it can be confidently said that Russia is not one of the most drinking countries in the world,” said the deputy minister, who pointed out that in 2023 alcohol consumption in the country was about 8.4 liters per person, while at the beginning of the century the indicator was in double digits.

Illustrative Photo by EVG Kowalievska: https://www.pexels.com/photo/selective-focus-photography-of-assorted-brand-liquor-bottles-1128259/

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