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30,000 new viruses discovered in the DNA of microbes

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According to the new study, the DNA from the newly discovered viruses is similar to the DNA of virophages, suggesting that microbes may enjoy some protection from giant viruses thanks to “embedded” viruses residing in their genomes

While analyzing the genomes of single-celled microbes, a team of researchers made a startling discovery: thousands of previously unknown viruses were “hidden” in the microbes’ DNA.

The researchers found the DNA of more than 30,000 viruses embedded in the genomes of various single-celled microbes, they report in their new study. They explain that viral DNA can allow a host cell to replicate complete, functional viruses.

“We were very surprised by the amount of viruses we found through this analysis,” said lead author Christopher Bellas, an ecologist who studies viruses at the University of Innsbruck in Austria. “In some cases, up to 10 percent of a microbe’s DNA is found to be made up of hidden viruses.”

“These viruses do not appear to make their hosts sick and may be beneficial,” the researchers added. Some of the new viruses resemble virophages, a type of virus that infects other pathogenic viruses trying to infect a host cell.

“Why so many viruses are found in microbial genomes is still unclear,” says Bellas. “Our most convincing hypothesis is that they protect the cell from being infected with viruses that are dangerous for it.

Living on Earth means fighting viruses – the most common biological entities on the planet, collectively infecting every type of life form. They are very diverse, using many different tactics to exploit their cellular hosts.

Regardless of the semantic debates about whether viruses are alive, they certainly insert themselves into the lives of other living things. Some even replicate by adding their DNA to a host cell and becoming part of its genome.

When this occurs in a germ cell, it can result in endogenous viral elements (EVEs), or viral DNA, passed from one generation to the next in a host species.

Scientists have found EVE in a wide range of organisms, including animals, plants and fungi. For example, mammals carry different viral fragments in their DNA, and about 8 percent of the human genome consists of DNA from ancient viral infections. The study authors explain that most of these are no longer functional and are considered “genomic fossils.”

Research suggests that EVEs may be adaptive in humans and other organisms, possibly helping to fend off modern viruses.

This is true for many single-celled eukaryotes, the researchers point out, noting that these microbes are commonly infected and killed by giant viruses.

If a virophage already inhabits a host cell, it can reprogram a giant virus to build virophages instead of replicating, potentially saving the host.

According to the new study, the DNA from the newly discovered viruses is similar to the DNA of virophages, suggesting that the microbes may enjoy some protection from giant viruses thanks to “embedded” viruses residing in their genomes.

EVE research has so far focused mainly on animals and plants, the researchers wrote, with little attention to protists — eukaryotic organisms that are not animals, plants or fungi.

Discovering thousands of new viruses hidden in microbial DNA was not the original goal of Bellas and his colleagues, who planned to study a new group of viruses found in the waters of Gossenköllese, an alpine lake in the Austrian province of Tyrol.

“Initially with our research, we wanted to discover the origin of the new ‘polinton-like viruses,’” Bellas says.

“However, we didn’t know which organisms were commonly infected by these viruses. That’s why we conducted a large-scale study to test all microbes whose DNA sequences are known.”

To do this, they enlisted the help of Leo, a high-performance computer cluster at the University of Innsbruck that can analyze huge amounts of data.

Noticing genes from virophages and other viruses in many of the microbial genomes, the researchers decided to deepen the study by using Leo to systematically analyze all protist genomes.

They found EVEs “hidden in repetitive, hard-to-connect regions of unicellular eukaryotic genomes,” they write, noting that thousands of integrated viruses show that they make up a significant, previously unstudied portion of protist genomes.

The study also found evidence that many protist EVEs are not just genomic fossils but functional viruses, the researchers added, “suggesting that different arrays of these elements may be part of the host’s antiviral system.”

Source: sciencealert

Note: The study was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

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EU treading Dangerous Waters: The Perils of Psychedelics in Therapeutic Use

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The European Commission is getting ready to review citizens’ proposals and one controversial idea on the table is the ‘PsychedeliCare’ initiative that supports the exploration and implementation of psychedelic treatments for mental wellbeing issues. Advocates of this initiative highlight the advantages of using psychedelics in addressing mental health concerns; however it’s crucial to carefully assess the consequences of making these substances mainstream for therapeutic use, it already happened with way too many “pharma products” and end up being dangerous street drugs, as this is what they actually were from the beginning.

The Illusory Promise of Psychedelics

Supporters of this “therapies” frequently promote these substances as amazing remedies for profound mental health challenges like depression and anxiety disorders such as PTSD are regularly highlighted by them in support of their claims. However, these early research findings are willfully misinterpreted and exaggerated. The “positive outcomes” observed in limited research studies do not automatically translate to safety and effectiveness across wider and more varied demographic groups, often the contrary. Throughout history the fascination with a quick fix for mental health issues has often resulted in disappointment and harm, if not death.

A Lack of Comprehensive Understanding

The insufficient scientific knowledge about psychedelics raises concerns within the community as the intricate workings of the human brain remain a mystery when influenced by these substances. There are risks such as psychological distress and worsening of preexisting mental health conditions that make it unthinkable to integrate psychedelics into mainstream therapy practices at all. It is crucial to acknowledge the variations in individual experiences and biological compositions to prevent unintended harm rather than aiding in treatment efforts.

Regulatory and Ethical Concerns

The push for government endorsement of psychedelic therapies raises numerous ethical questions. Should substances with known psychoactive properties be part of mainstream health care? The regulatory environment surrounding these compounds is fraught with challenges, including ensuring quality control, standardizing dosages, and preventing misuse. With the legalization movements in various regions, the potential for recreational abuse expands, risking public health and safety.

Historical Context and Social Implications

Looking back, the late 1960s and early 1970s were marked by a psychedelic counterculture that resulted in societal turmoil and increased drug abuse. The legacy of this era still looms large; many young individuals romanticize psychedelic use without regarding the severe consequences that accompanied its earlier popularity, including addiction, mental health crises, and a societal disregard for safety protocols.

A Dangerous Precedent

By calling for a more prominent role for psychedelics in treatment protocols, the advocates of the ‘PsychedeliCare’ initiative may unintentionally set a dangerous precedent. Replacing established, evidence-based treatments with unproven psychedelic therapies could detract from the very real progress made in mental health care. It could shift focus away from holistic approaches that consider lifestyle, therapeutic counseling, and medication tailored to individual needs.

Conclusion

The debate surrounding the ‘PsychedeliCare’ initiative should prompt a vigilant and cautious examination of the implications of endorsing psychedelics as treatment options. While there is a critical need for innovative approaches in mental health care, rushing to embrace unproven therapies poses significant risks. It is paramount that we prioritize rigorous scientific scrutiny, ethical considerations, and the well-being of individuals over the allure of quick solutions. The only clear path forward is one grounded in proven therapies, comprehensive research, and unwavering commitment to public health.

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Why chocolate should not be given to dogs

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Chocolate is a favorite delicacy for people, but for cats and dogs it is a real poison, writes the magazine ” Sciences et Avenir” and explains why pets should not be “pampered” with chocolate under any circumstances.

For them, chocolate is toxic, because it is not properly absorbed by their body. This is due to the alkaloid theobromine, which is contained in cocoa and therefore in chocolate.

The substance becomes dangerous to health when large amounts of it are stored in the liver. About 12 grams of theobromine are contained in dark chocolate, twice as much in milk chocolate, and very small amounts in white chocolate.

Theobromine does not harm humans, as the human body manages to break it down quickly.

However, it takes 20 hours for dogs to get rid of this molecule. It can build up in their liver and cause poisoning if large amounts of chocolate are ingested at once.

Among the symptoms are vomiting, diarrhea, rapid pulse, convulsions.

The same is true for cats. However, they are less attracted to chocolate than dogs because they cannot taste sweets with their tongues, although there are exceptions.

In addition, pet obesity is the subject of a number of educational campaigns aimed at owners.

A court in North West England has banned a British man from keeping pets for the next 10 years because his Dalmatian became too fat. wrote the English tabloid “Sun” in November 2009.

40-year-old man John Green, a resident of Macclesfield in Cheshire, showed extreme irresponsibility towards his dog Barney and fed him chips and chocolate.

Thus, in just three months, it became several times fatter than normal for its breed and reached 70 kg.

Green was tipped off by alarmed, vigilant fellow citizens.

Animal control officials warned Green that his dog’s health was in danger and recommended that he be put on a diet.

However, he did not follow the recommendations and the dog continued to gain weight.

The Dalmatian was eventually removed from his owner’s home in June and put on a diet in a private kennel, where staff made sure he got enough exercise.

As a result, Barney, who is eight years old, lost 40 kg.

Green pleaded guilty to causing his dog unnecessary suffering, but the court found some mitigating circumstances because the man treated Barney more like a friend than a dog and did not realize he was harming him.

That’s why Green was only sentenced to 200 hours of community service and to pay £780 in costs.

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Russian Orthodox Church calls on mass culture to abandon ‘images promoting alcoholism’

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On the occasion of the Day of Sobriety celebrated in the country today, the Russian Orthodox Church called on mass culture not to promote alcoholism, TASS reported.

The agency recalls that the All-Russian Day of Sobriety is celebrated on the initiative of the Russian Orthodox Church on September 11 to remind people of the harm caused by alcohol. On this day, in some parts of Russia, the sale of alcohol is limited or completely prohibited.

“The culture of attitude towards this is very important. There are many “nice jokes” about alcoholism in our everyday culture. There is nothing good about that. We know what the state of intoxication leads to. Those who deal with mass culture should make an effort that the image of the “dear drunkard” should still leave our mass culture,” said the head of the synodal department of the Moscow Patriarchate for Church Interaction on the sidelines of the St. Petersburg Forum of United Cultures with society and media Vladimir Legoida.

Asked whether it would be appropriate to ban or restrict the sale of alcohol across the country, he said “that would be wonderful”. “But it is important that people do this consciously, independently, not because someone is forcing them, and also that there is, as it is customary to say, a public consensus,” he stated.

Legoida noted that the category of “sobriety” is important for the church in general, which refers not only to abstinence from alcohol.

Meanwhile, during a press conference dedicated to the All-Russian Day of Sobriety, Russia’s Deputy Health Minister Oleg Salagai said that alcohol abuse can reduce a man’s life expectancy by six years and a woman by five years.

“The systemic measures that were adopted allowed us to really reduce alcohol consumption. Today, it can be confidently said that Russia is not one of the most drinking countries in the world,” said the deputy minister, who pointed out that in 2023 alcohol consumption in the country was about 8.4 liters per person, while at the beginning of the century the indicator was in double digits.

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